Privite high school vs public high school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Privite high school vs public high school - Essay Example This results in students getting proper attention and supervision. Public high schools are cheaper than private high schools, and thus, lots of people get their children admitted in public high schools, resulting in a large number of students in every class. This results in lesser attention and ineffective supervision. â€Å"There are over 47 million children enrolled in public school and about 3.2 million students in private schools† (The Home Economist, para.2). Also, private high schools provide superb facilities because they can afford to. People avoid private high schools because they are expensive while public high schools are not. A 2013 research indicates that for families with income over $75,000 send their kids, 85% send their kids to public schools while 12% send their kids to private schools (National Center for Education Statistics). The Home Economist. Public vs. Private Schools, New Facts Revealed. The Home Economist, 2013. Web. 14 Apr 2014.

Social And Technological Factors Also Affect The Company Marketing Essay

Social And Technological Factors Also Affect The Company Marketing Essay Political, Economical, Social and Technological factors also affect the company as a whole. If the Political or Economical condition of the country is not strong, this can affect the business as well. Political Factors Politics affects the business a lot; because a company must follow certain rules or regulations (laws) made by the government. Creation of different laws depends upon the ruling political party. For example, the end of Cold War has been a big change for weapon makers. Moreover Political factors include government regulations and legal issues and define both formal and informal rules under which the firm must operate. Some examples include: Tax policy Employment laws Environmental regulations Trade restrictions and tariffs Political stability Economic Factors The economic condition of the country and state has a great influence on the company progression. The different economic policies, which affect business, are Taxation Interest rates Currency rate Public economic condition (either people are poor or rich) Inflation rate Social Factors Social values, beliefs, religion and culture really affect the business. Business must be according to social aspects. For example, in Pakistan we cannot sale or purchase things like wine, because it is against Islamic faith. Another example is of wearing shorts by the women. Here it is unsocial, so we cannot start the business of selling shorts to women. Social factors include the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Some social factors include: Health consciousness Population growth rate Age distribution Career attitudes Emphasis on safety Technological Factors The most challenging factor for marketing manager is technological factor, because growth of the company depends upon the innovation and for innovation, the use of new technology is very much important. In order to beat the competitors, an organization must have effective research, planning and marketing of new products and for this purpose new machinery, techniques and ideas are very much important Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions. Some technological factors include: RD activity Automation Technology incentives Rate of technological change Porters Five Forces The pure competition model does not present a viable tool to assess an industry. Porters Five Forces attempts to realistically assess potential levels of profitability, opportunity and risk based on five key factors within an industry. This model may be used as a tool to better develop a strategic advantage over competing firms within an industry in a competitive and healthy environment. It identifies five forces that determine the long-run profitability of a market or market segment Power of suppliers An industry that produces goods requires raw materials. This leads to buyer-supplier relationships between the industry and the firms that provide the raw materials. Depending on where the power lies, suppliers may be able to exert an influence on the producing industry. They may be able to dictate price and influence availability. A segment is unattractive when an organizations suppliers have the ability to: Increase prices without suffering from a decrease in volume Reduce the quantity supplied Organize in a formal or informal manner Compete in an environment with relatively few substitutes Provide a product/material that is a critical part of the end product or service Impose switching costs on their customers when they depart Integrate downstream by purchasing or controlling the distribution channels. Power of buyers The power of buyers describes the impact customers have on an industry. When buyer power is strong, the relationship to the producing industry becomes closer to what economists term a monopsony. A Monopsony is a market where there are many suppliers and one buyer. Under these market conditions, the buyer has the most influence in determining the price. The bargaining power of buyers increases when they have the ability to: Be organized in some form with others providing similar products and services Purchase a product that represents a significant fraction of the buyers costs Buy a product that is undifferentiated Incur low switching costs when they change vendors Be price sensitive, with other options available Integrate upstream, to purchase the providers of the goods. Barriers to entry/exit The possibility of new firms entering the industry impacts competition. A key is to assess how easy it is for a new player to enter an industry. The most attractive segment has high entry barriers and low exit barriers. The definable characteristics of each industry protect profitable areas for firms and inhibit additional rivals from entering the market. These inhibitive characteristics are referred to as barriers to entry. Barriers to entry are unique characteristics to each industry. They reduce the rate of entry of new firms and, therefore, maintain a level of profits for current industry competitors. Barriers to entry can be created or exploited to enhance a firms competitive advantage. Barriers to exit work similarly to barriers to entry, Exit barriers limit the ability of a firm to leave the market and can exacerbate rivalry unable to leave the industry, a firm must compete. Substitute products Porters Five Forces model refers to substitute products as those products that are available in other industries that meet an identical or similar need for the end user. As more substitutes become available and affordable, the demand becomes more elastic since customers have more alternatives. Substitute products may limit the ability of firms within an industry to raise prices and improve margins. Rivalry Firms strive to secure a competitive advantage over their rivals. The intensity of rivalry varies within each industry and these differences can be important in the development of strategy. For example, the intensity of rivalry is increased by the following industry characteristics: Numerous competitors that are particularly strong or aggressive that are competing for the same customers and resources Declining sales revenues and volumes resulting in slow market growth, creating the need to actively fight for market share High fixed costs result in an economy of scale effect High storage costs or highly perishable products Plant capacity is being added, over and above what is needed to meet demand Low switching costs for buyers Low levels of product differentiation Strategic stakes are high when a firm is losing market position or has potential for great gains High exit barriers place a significant cost on abandoning the product. Discuss and Propose Segmentation Criteria to be used for any of two products of the above company in different markets (Pass) Market Segmentation: -Market segmentation divides market into smaller units that can be reached more efficiently and effectively. Market segmentation is divided into four groups. Geographic Segmentation Geographic segmentation is dividing the market into different geographical groups e.g. countries, regions, cities, towns etc World region or country (Europe, Middle East, India, china, Pakistan) Demographic Segmentation Demographic segmentation is dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income occupation, education, religion and nationality. Age: -Consumer needs and wants change with age. Companies offer different products for different age groups e.g. Johnsons baby lotion for kids, play stations for teen ages etc Gender: -Gender segmentation is dividing the market into different groups based on gender e.g. clothes for males and females etc Income: -Income segmentation is dividing the market into different income groups. Marketers produce products and services for different income segmented groups such as automobile industry, boats, clothings etc Psychographic Segmentation Psychographic segmentation is dividing a market into different groups based on social class life style or personality characteristic. Behavioral Segmentation Behavioral segmentation is dividing a market into groups based on consumer knowledge, attitude, uses (potential users/non users) or their response to a product. Occasions Is dividing the market into groups according to occasion when buyers get the idea to buy, actually make their purchase or use the purchased item e.g. orange juice is most often consumed at break fast but orange juice manufacturers have promoted drinking orange juice as a cool and refreshing drink at other times of the day. DOMINOS PIZZA The bottom of the pizza, called the crust, may vary widely according to style thin as in a typical hand-tossed pizza , or thick as in a typical pan pizza or deep pan pizza It is traditionally plain, but may also be seasoned with garlic, or herbs, or stuffed with cheese. In Dominos, pizza can be baked in an oven above the heat source, an electric deck oven, a conveyor belt oven or, in the case of more expensive restaurants, a wood- or coal-fired oven. On deck ovens, the pizza can be slid into the oven on a long paddle, called a peel, and baked directly on the hot oven or baked on a screen (a round metal grate, typically aluminum). Another option is grilled pizza in which the crust is baked directly on a barbecue grill. Each ingredient used in the pizzas has a different value and a different need and all these ingredients are value added features. This differentiates dominos from other local pizza parlors in Pakistan. Demographic Segmentation: Age: Attracts children (6-15), teenagers and young adults (16-22), and general adults. Family aspect is the basis of dominos. It got strong aspects about families visiting it. Income: Income Level: This is also an important variable on which segmentation can be carried out. People belonging to the lower income groups can not afford to buy dominos pizza will target that segment whose income puts them in the upper middle and higher income groups. Social Class: dominos caters to the upper- upper middle to middle upper social class. Occasions: Birthday Parties, Get together. SERVICE Free delivery and take away counters have eased that service that dominos offers. This changes the outlook and satisfies customers demands on time. Overall if we see, the differentiation is all on quality and hygiene and this provides the best value for the customers money. A benefit of the hygienic factor and deliciousness is the quality that dominos has offered through out. Psychographic Segmentation: Life StyleSocial Class: Buyers are divided into different groups based on social class and life style. Many consumers live a simple life style and belong to lower and middle class; they dont spend on buying pizza. So dominos should target that segment living a high class life and can afford to buy pizza. Behavioral Segmentation: Occasion: The other segment can be of regular occasions, which includes parties and get together. Foreigners: This can be an important segment for dominos because those who come from abroad are very brand conscious. DOMINOS SANDWICHES Dominos Sandwiches are a widely popular type of lunch food, typically taken to work or school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch. They generally contain a combination of salad vegetables meat, cheese, and a variety of sauces or savoury spreads. The bread can be used as it is, or it can be coated with any condiments to enhance flavor and texture. They are widely sold in dominos outlets. Geographic Segmentation: Regions: Commonly people prefer to eat sandwich. So dominos can segment the market on the basis of people taste. Cities: Consumption of sandwiches is more in the large cities as compared to the small cities or town due to various factors such as income and education level. dominos should focus more on making its sandwiches available in the cities where people are willing and able to buy. Demographic Segmentation: Age: dominos can easily target various age groups. The most important of these groups are children and young peoples. For children it can introduce club sandwiches with additional nutritional contents such as cheese and minerals. For older people it already has salad sandwiches . A smaller segment can be of the people who are aging. These people can be convinced that the sandwiches will help their diet remain healthy (especially women). Gender: It will be very beneficial to target working women and men. If they are convinced that the sandwiches will be good for their health during working hour specially in tight working schedule. Income and occupation: People will buy sandwiches when they have enough monetary resources. Dominos should target people in the higher income groups. People with blue collar jobs can be targeted by telling them that the sandwiches will help them in their daily routine. Life cycle stage can also be important because families with younger kids will want to buy sandwiches. Psychographic segmentation: Social class and life style: People belonging to the higher social classes tend to spend more on luxuries as compared to people in the lower classes. Such people can be easily targeted as they are very health conscious. dominos can urge these people (along with diet conscious) to buy their line of diet sandwiches. Discuss any two factors which influence the choice of targeting strategy (Pass) Target Market Selection Target marketing tailors a marketing mix for one or more segments identified by market segmentation. Target marketing contrasts with mass marketing, which offers a single product to the entire market. Two important factors to consider when selecting a target market segment are the attractiveness of the segment and the fit between the segment and the firms objectives, resources, and capabilities. Attractiveness of a Market Segment The following are some examples of aspects that should be considered when evaluating the attractiveness of a market segment: Size of the segment (number of customers and/or number of units) Growth rate of the segment Competition in the segment Brand loyalty of existing customers in the segment Attainable market share given promotional budget and competitors expenditures Required market share to break even Sales potential for the firm in the segment Expected profit margins in the segment Market research and analysis is instrumental in obtaining this information. For example, buyer intentions, sales force estimates, test marketing, and statistical demand analysis are useful for determining sales potential. The impact of applicable micro-environmental and macro-environmental variables on the market segment should be considered. Suitability of Market Segments to the Firm Market segments also should be evaluated according to how they fit the firms objectives, resources, and capabilities. Some aspects of fit include: Whether the firm can offer superior value to the customers in the segment The impact of serving the segment on the firms image Access to distribution channels required to serve the segment The firms resources vs. capital investment required to serve the segment The better the firms fit to a market segment and the more attractive the market segment, the greater the profit potential to the firm. Target Market Strategies There are several different target market strategies that may be followed. Targeting strategies usually can be categorized as one of the following: Single-segment strategy: -Is also known as a concentrated strategy. One market segment (not the entire market) is served with one marketing mix. A single-segment approach often is the strategy of choice for smaller companies with limited resources. Selective specialization: -This is a multiple-segment strategy which is also known as a differentiated strategy. Different marketing mixes are offered to different segments. The product itself may or may not be different in many cases only the promotional message or distribution channels vary. Product specialization: -The firm specializes in a particular product and tailors it to different market segments. Market specialization: -The firm specializes in serving a particular market segment and offers that segment an array of different products. Full market coverage: -The firm attempts to serve the entire market. This coverage can be achieved by means of either a mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated marketing mix is offered to the entire market, or by a differentiated strategy in which a separate marketing mix is offered to each segment. Discuss how buyer behavior affects marketing activities in different situations in light of the assigned companies (Pass) Buyer Behavior In addition to understanding the needs of your customers, you also need to understand what motivates them to purchase, and how you can influence the buying process to ensure that your products or services are on the shopping list. Understanding your customers will help you to develop and distribute your product, as well as getting the right price point and developing successful promotional activities. The psychology of the buying process has been widely studied, and no matter what size your business, knowledge of this process can help you become more successful. Both businesses and consumers exhibit patterns of buying behavior. The business model is less open to debate as your business customers will almost certainly have some formalized process of buying in place. Your task is to understand the process and match your marketing activities to the different stages of the process. This means that the customer will receive the right kind of contact at the right time. Marketing in Dominos: Marketing is based on the principle of customer satisfaction. This is the foundation for the environmental marketing approach of dominos. Environmental product claims in advertising, promotional material and on packaging are in accordance with legal requirements, based on solid scientific evidence and used in a serious and reasonable manner. Their aim is to minimize wastage in communication, publicity and promotional material, in particular through more precise targeting of marketing activities. Consumer promotions and merchandising material such as consumer offers, in store promotions, display material, leaflets, printed matter, etc. take environmental aspects into account. This means due consideration of environmental impact in selecting both materials and printing methods. In distribution, energy efficient and pollution controlled methods are encouraged wherever possible. The attractiveness of ads may attract consumers Strong brand image also help in attracting customers that influence their buying behavior. Quality of product its price packaging also influence buyers behavior The distribution channels, the placement of products also influence the behavior. 3.1 Describe how products are developed to sustain competitive advantages . Now a days technology is improving so as baking and heating ovens will be of new and efficient technology and will provide efficient service. Due to new technology there are new ways of marketing like internet; telemarketing and the organization can advertise their products with much more faster pace. Computer based customer data that is MIS (managing information system) helps in collecting customer data, daily transactions, future forecasting and decision making. New vehicles will make their service more efficient. Dominoz pizza is the market leader in providing different products of pizzas as there are many competitors in this sector. There good image makes the organization more strong. Dominoz pizza is providing good taste, quality products with qualified staff, good atmosphere and hygienic environment. They are specialized in pizzas. Motivation level of staff is very high which make the organization more prosperous. They are ISO (International Standard Organization) certified. They have enough resources for operating different activities of the organization. They are providing free home delivery service. Another big Strength and even a Competitive Advantage is the fact that they have a full service restaurant as well as delivery services. Most of Dominoz pizzas competitors do not have restaurants. Because of the restaurant, Dominoz pizza can market too many different segments that other pizza chains cannot. However, the fact that Dominoz pizza does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Dominoz pizza has higher overhead costs, due to the restaurant that other competitors dont have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Dominoz pizza must charge. Obviously, Dominoz pizza is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices. They are providing less range of products comparatively with high prices. They are more focused on Western taste instead of Eastern. New markets can be explored and new opportunities they can gain. Dominoz pizza can come up with the new products considering the Eastern taste of the people as like McDonalds . Diversification of new products can increase their market share. They can reduce their prices because of more resources. 3.2 Explain how distribution is arranged to provide customer convenience Distribution It refers to the best place to offer program. That is the place where it is located and through what channels are we distributing programs and the competitive advantage lies in distribution. The Dominoz pizza islamabad is situated in blue area.. Secondly the catchment area is of a specified minimum size and within a given drive time to the site. Distribution The type of distribution channel used by Dominoz pizza is the direct channel. The direct channel is successful when there is an extremely large market that is geographically dispersed. The direct channel is also useful when there are a large number of buyers, but a small amount purchased by each. Dominoz pizza uses three different methods of selling its products directly to the market. The first method of distribution used by Dominoz pizza is Home. Office delivery. Customers can call Dominoz pizza ahead of time, place an order, and the order is delivered to the customers home. Another method of distribution is for customers to dine-in. Customers can go to the nearest Dominoz pizza, place an order and either leave with the order or eat at the restaurant. One of Dominoz pizzas largest competitive advantages is its restaurant style facility. Dominoz pizza offers a clean place to sit down and enjoy the variety of pizzas, salads, and sandwiches in a fun, family atmosphere. The third method of distribution is to order Online. Selective County Customers can now go on the Internet and place an order for Pizza. This method is useful because it allows customers to view the entire menu, download any special coupons, and order without having to disclose any credit card numbers. 3.3 Explain how prices are set to reflect an organizations objective and market conditions. Pricing Strategy The level of competition a business faces determines its pricing strategy. Sometimes a business has the scope to set its price and sometimes a business cannot. When a business has the scope to set its price there is a number of pricing strategies or policies it might choose. As there are no such competitors of Dominoz pizza which could compete with the quality of pizza produced at Dominoz pizza, therefore, the pricing strategy adopted by Dominoz pizza is market skimming. Dominoz pizza has adopted this pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. This is a golden era for Dominoz pizza, as there are no competitors and hence, Dominoz pizza is free to charge any price they want. They are charging higher prices due to the uniqueness of the product. They satisfy the target market as the food quality is worth the price paid. The pricing strategy is not just to get the worth of quality but also to gain maximum profits before any competitor enters becau se then Dominoz pizza will have to change its pricing strategy. Although the prices would be lowered with the new entrants in the market but not to a greater extent as the quality food products are not home-produced. They are imported from different countries keeping in view the best Quality. 3.4 Illustrate how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives Promotional Activity This forced competitors to look for new methods of increasing their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as Buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer, bigger, better, pizza for a low price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas. In the past, Dominoz pizza has always had the first mover advantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is the diversification of the products they offer. Dominoz pizza is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new markets. For example, in 1992 the famous buffet was launched in Dominoz pizza restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food items for customers who didnt necessarily want pizza. Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Dominoz pizza is always trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly different different enough that customers will think its a whole new product. For example, lets look at some of the pizzas Dominoz pizza has marketed in the past. In 1989, Dominoz pizza introduced their Pan Pizza, which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Dominoz pizza restaurants. In 1994, they introduced the Bigfoot, which was two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. In 1995, they introduced Stuffed Crust Pizza, where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997, they marketed The Edge, which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently, they are marketing The Big New Yorker, trying to bring the famous New York style pizza to the whole country. 3.5 Analyze the additional elements of the extended marketing mix People The employees in Dominoz pizza have a standard uniform and Dominoz pizza specially focuses on friendly and prompt service to its customers from their employees. The employees are part time workers and full time workers (not a policy). The aprons of the employees distinguish them as Dominoz pizza workers. Process The food manufacturing process at Dominoz pizza is transparent and hidden (the whole process is not visible to the customers). Physical Evidence Dominoz pizza focuses on clean and hygienic interiors of its outlets and at the same time the interiors are attractive and the Pizza maintains a proper etiquette at its joints. The design, furnishing, lighting, layout and decoration of the Pizza chain as well as the appearance and attitudes of its employees will influence customer perceptions of the service quality and experiences. Now another component of the service experience can be the Eviction Model which illustrates the various invisible and visible factors which influence the customers experience. 4.1 Recommend marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets Segmentation Main segments which Dominoz pizza has captured are the combination of higher incomes and dual career families , due to higher income consumer have more disposable income , allowing them to eat out more often . Dominoz pizza holds the most market share in the Pizza industry, the perceived quality and service of the company will help to ensure a better the average chance at a successful introduction of a new product. The introduction of a product that keeps with today trends is also important to reduce the risk of failure. Dominoz pizza maximum market segment is younger generations. These generation ranges from 12 to 30, the overall spending of these generations is mostly on non essential items, the higher amount of spending has been done on eating out.

Essay --

Curating has a traditional meaning and context of collection, preservation and presentation. The word curate is derived from the Latin verb curare, to care or to cure. In a traditional view, a curator is tasked to organize, filter, preserve, store and occasionally present art and artifacts in a gallery, museum or library. Historically, curators were not seen as creators of content, but simply as keepers of important objects. In the remix culture of creative commons, fair use and copyleft, the concept of a creator has expanded to include those who reasonably transform and present existing content as something educational, interesting, new or satirical (Cariou v. Prince, Universal City Studios v. Sony Corp., Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music). Curating is the greatest example of the remixing content. While designing the presentation of objects by making strategic choices considering audience and understanding goals, a curator gathers pieces that already exist in order to provide an interesting or new perspective on a subject. A curator is creating a sensory learning experience to aid in understanding and conversation. A curator is not simply a collector and preservationist, but rather a contributor to the story the art and plays an important role in learning and understanding. Albert Einstein recognized the traditional concept of the collection and cultivation of established theories in science by practicing re combination of knowledge to enlighten new ideas. In a letter to colleague Jacques S. Hadamard in 1945, Einstein wrote: The desire to arrive finally at logically connected concepts is the emotional basis of this rather vague play†¦ taken from a psychological viewpoint, this combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in pro... ...meo and Juliet; the toothpick Bridge you constructed in Freshman Physics, the History paper on the Russian Revolution from Junior Modern History class; the college entrance essays you're forced to produce with the acute understanding of yourself and your life goals at 17. Usually they are treated as separate objects usually sorted into age group piles and filed away. Meaning that all first grade objects are with other first grade objects, second grade objects are with other second grade objects, and so†on, chronologically. The ordering is fitted into the academic pigeon holes of age and development on a straight trajectory. This seems arbitrary in significance and experience by simply being ordered by academic year. The misunderstanding in this is that learning doesn't really happen in a straight line or chronological progress, although it can still be progressive.

Hacking and Cybercrime Essay

The Symantec Global Internet Security Threat Report noted a shift in malicious activity to be emerging. The growing level of malicious code activity has also resulted in the proposal of a new cybercrime bill. Malicious activity tends to increase in rapid growth in broadband infrastructure and connectivity. In January 2010, reports emerged that dozens of large companies had been compromised by attackers using the Hydra Trojan. Typically, this type of attack begins with some reconnaissance on the part of attackers. Typically, this type of attack begins with some reconnaissance on the part of attackers. This can include publicly available information about the company and its employees, such as from social networking sites. This information is then used to create specifically crafted phishing email messages, often referred to as spear phishing, that target the company or even specific staff members. These email messages often contain attachments that exploit vulnerabilities in client-side application or links to websites that exploit vulnerabilities in web browsers or browser plug-ins. In 2009, 60 percent of identities exposed were compromised by hacking attacks. Which are another form of targeted attack. The hackers gained access to the company payment processing network using an SQL injection attack. The attackers then installed malicious code design to gather sensitive information from the network, which allowed them to easily access the network at their convenience. The attacks resulted in the theft of approximately 130 million credit card numbers. Web-based attacks have replaced the mass mailing worm in this position. Attackers may use social engineering, such as in spam messages, to lure a user to a website that exploit browser and plug-in vulnerabilities. These attacks are then used to install malicious code or other applications such as rogue security software on the victim’s computer. Four of the top five being exploited were client-side vulnerabilities were frequently targeted by web-based attacks. Two of these vulnerabilities were in Adobe Reader, while one was in Microsoft Internet Explorer and the fourth was in an Active X Control. A Crimeware Kit is a toolkit that that allows people to customize a piece of malicious code design to steal data and other person personal information. Crimeware Kits like zues make it easier for unskilled attackers to compromise computers and steal information. These kit allow anyone who buys them to customize them to their own needs. The SpyEye Kit, is addition to stealing information, also has the ability to detect if a computer already has Zues installed and if so, to intercept its communications. Fragus Exploit Kit contains mechanisms to prevent buyers from reselling their copies of it. A side effect of these kits is the creation of tens of thousands of new malicious code variants that may only be seen by a single user. The volume of financial services spam also remained relatively unchanged in 2009, while the levels of financially oriented spam and phishing have remained relatively constant despite the recent economic downturn, attackers have made adjustments in their tactics. Symantec observed more messages advertising refinancing of debts and mortgages along with offers of loans or opportunities to earn money while working from home. This shows that attackers are able to rapidly adapt their social engineering techniques to better take advantage of current events and situations. Symantec expects attacks against web browsers and malicious code variants installed through these attacks to increase. One of the botnets linked to this ISP was Pandex. This botnet was responsible for as much as 35 percent of spam observed globally before dropping to 8 percent after the ISP was shut down. Spam Zombies that lack a critical command system are unable to send out spam. Additionally, a security researcher allegedly attacked and disabled 250,000 computers associated with the Ozdok botnet. The volume of spam sent by both botnets recovered several days afterwards because unaffected zombies were instructed to significantly increase their spam output, indicating that these events may have been a large factor in the decrease of spam zombies in the United States. Symantec advises end users to use antivirus software, antispam software, firewalls, tool bar blockers, and other software- detection methods. Symantec also advises end users to never disclose any confidential personal or financial information unless and until they can confirm that any request for such information is legitimate.

Foundations of Psychology Paper Essay

Abstract The miscellaneous condition of psychology is a scientific investigation of humankind mind, body, and behavior. Psychology includes different departments of psychology to apprehend and supervise observations on the mental technique of a person mind and behavior. Psychology is regularly used to establish the secrecy of the human behavior. Observation was the way to study a person mind to become aware of the mental conscious and unconscious states. As time went by psychology was established, alone with some major schools of thoughts. The paper below will discuss the six major schools of thought in psychology, examine the foundation of psychology, and examine their major underlying assumptions, behaviorism, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. In addition, it will show how the primary biological foundations of psychology are linked to behavior such as, brain, central nervous system, peripheral nervous System, and genetics/evolution. Behavioral Theory Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a learning theory established on the notion that behaviors are gathered by conditioning. Conditioning develops from influenced of the environment. Operant and classical are the two major types of conditioning. A natural stimulus is paired with a response, when a procedure known as classical conditioning is the procedure used in behavioral training. When someone receives rewards and punishments for behavior that is what we call Operant conditioning. Behaviorists speculate that a person acknowledgement to environmental stimuli shapes a person behavior. Behaviorism made psychology more scientific by concentrating totally on observable behavior. This school of thought suggests that observable only behaviors should be studied. Structuralism and Functionalism| A German scientist, Wilhelm Wundt decided to take a structuralist approach to psychology after he founded his laboratory in Leipzig. An American, William James took the functionalist approach in his lab at Harvard. They both decided that since psychology was not being approached as a discipline of human behavior, they both decided to take their knowledge of the principles of scientific research and apply their study to human behavior. Psychology’s foundation as a science needs to be thoroughly understood, so let us take a look at both men’s foundation as scientists. Wundt’s approach to the structuralist approach sought to identify the building blocks, or the structure, of psychological experience, in the same way other sciences had been broken down in this way before. Physics had its fundamental laws, just as chemistry had its periodic table of elements, and Wundt wanted to do the same for psychology, which would establish a series of fundamental relations or structures that could be used to explain all behavior.However, William James, over at Harvard, working on his functionalist approach, did not agree with Wundt’s scientific approach of structuralism. James thought that Wundt’s mental processes were to complex. Psychologists believe the method of measuring would always change what was always trying to be measured. Influenced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection, James preferred instead to question why we behave the way we do. James wanted to understand the functions of behavior in our lives; in terms of either how it helped us or hurt us and why certain behaviors were more common than others, such as why do humans feel jealousy. | | Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory Various kinds of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies have been established. In the twentieth century, Freud was an important scientific thinker and his theories have influenced cultures and counseling and psychotherapy practices. Freud believed that personality is shaped by biological drives expressed early in life through preoccupation with specific parts of the body, and that each stage involves gratification associated with the function of that part of the body and the child’s developmental stage. The psychodynamic theory consists of rests on three elements. First, a person feelings and thoughts is part of his or her minds. Second, the awareness of the conscious has various mental issues that happen  outside. Third, these mental issues may interfere with each other, causing jeopardize motives. Psychoanalysis and other analytic approaches have been criticized on several fronts related to multicultural issues length and lack of affordability, and overemphasis on individual dynamics versus social issues and influences. Cognitive Theory Cognitive theories focused on the way a person is motivated, solve problems, make decision, and thinking. Cognitive psychology studies mental understandings that consist of how people think, comprehend, and learn. The focus is how people collect, understand, and accumulate information. There are many administrations for cognitive research, such as, improving a person memory, building making decision correctly, and building educational to increase learning. Starting in the late 70s behaviorism was the main controller in the school of thought in psychology, but the focus to move away from behavioral psychology to subjects such as attention, memory and problem-solving. Behavioral The brain is a sophisticated, functional, and manageable structure that controls a person behaviors and mental performances. Psychologists study the brain many ways. The verbal and nonverbal behaviors are tested by neuropsychologist to measure the affected by brain damage. The activity of the brain is studied using an electroencephalogram (EEG), (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The brain consists of three parts: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The hindbrain consists of the brain stem and the cerebellum that controls a person, movement, posture, and balance. The midbrain is located in the middle of the brain that helps control vision, sleep, and sound. The forebrain’s holds the thalamus and hypothalamus sensors that control a person motivation and emotion behavior. The motivation urges a person have come from the limbic system that also synchronizes memory and emotion. The brain has a right and a left side known as hemispheres. The two hemispheres correspond and work together with the aid of the corpus callosum. When one hemisphere does a main job, this is known as lateralization. Genetics/Evolution Evolutionary psychology central point is biologically functions established as solutions to same kind of difficulties of adjustments. Evolution means a change over time which the rhythm with certain genes happens within a crossbreeding society. Darwin’s theory foundation of evolution is the fundamental of uncontrolled collection, which shows that biologically based features that reinforce the survival and reproductive in the population because people who lack the features are less likely to pass on their genes. Many features are impelling by the cooperation of many genes. Behavior geneticists investigate the addition of genetic and environmental ingredients psychological characteristics and behaviors. These investigations suggest that psychological characteristics have genetic contributions. Genetic structure allows researchers to copy and transform genetic. Central Nervous System The central nervous system transports signals back and forth within the brain, the spinal cord, and glands and muscles. Nerve endings sends signal to the brain, which causes neurons within the brain to be used. This signal may cause a muscle to contract or relax. The nervous system consists of connected nerve chambers that send instruction throughout the body. There are four distinguish features of the nervous system. The intelligence of the brain to adjust is termed plasticity. Cells that transport information to the brain is called afferent neurons and those that transport information out of the brain are called efferent neurons. The communication of the nervous system consist of networking, which the cells combine sensory input and motor output. Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system joins the brain and spinal cord and connects to other body parts. The peripheral nervous system is split into the somatic nervous system, which includes sensory, motor nerves, and the autonomic nervous system, which monitors the bodily organs located inside the body. Peripheral nervous system can be damage easily and exposed to toxins and injuries because it is not protected by the bone of spine, skull,  or by the blood–brain restriction. Conclusion The miscellaneous condition of psychology is a scientific investigation of humankind mind, body, and behavior. Psychology includes different departments of psychology to apprehend and supervise observations on the mental technique of a person mind and behavior. Behaviorism made psychology more scientific by concentrating totally on observable behavior. Humanist thinkers believe that both psychoanalysis and behaviorism were too depressing focusing on the tragic of emotions. Cognitive psychology studies mental understandings that consist of how people think, comprehend, and learn. Foundations of biopsychology are the foundation that every thought, emotion, and behavior that a person has starts in the brain. In the past, foundations of biopsychology were thought of as physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience. Evolutionary psychology central point is biologically functions established as solutions to same kind of difficulties of adjustments. References Wickens, A. (2005). Foundations of Biopsychology Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. Retrieved electronically November 26, 2007 from: http://www.psypress.com/common/supplementary/184169360X/part1.pdf James, W. (1904) The Chicago school. Psychological Bulletin. 1, 1-5. Retrieved electronically February 6, 2013 from: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/two-early-approaches-functionalism-and-structuralism.html